For Amadou Bangoura, the memory of that night remains vivid. It was just past 10 p.m. when the 30-year-old Beninese student left his gym in the Liberté 6 district of Dakar, heading home. The streets were nearly empty, shops shuttered, and only a few vehicle headlights cut through the darkness. Suddenly, a police patrol ordered him to stop. Two officers stepped out of their vehicle and demanded, ‘Show us your papers.’